Inigo Jones - Part 4 - Reception and Influence

   

Jacobean architecture is demonstrated by Hatfield House (see About Britain Hatfield House) , owned by Robert Cecil, son of Lord Burleigh, built 1607-12. He never actually slept in the house as he died as it was being finished. The mason was Simon Basil and the carpenter Robert Limming and it is thought they collaborated on the design with Cecil who had an extensive library.

The entrance leads into a screens passage and you then turn into an asymmetrical hall two storeys high (this is also the plan at Hampton Court).

The stone loggia of the building might be by Inigo Jones as a payment was made to him but it may have been for a masque. It has elements of Jones.

   

Blickling Hall (National Trust, built 1616-1627) is very similar. Note the shaped gables (also called Dutch or semi-classical gables) that are common to both. They are the leitmotif for Jacobean architecture. The Hatfield clock tower is 19th century but Blickling may be original. The chimneys are original. Robert Limming also worked on Blickling and this can help spread a design across the country.

The Banqueting House was built at the same time as Blickling.

   

Charlton House, Greenwich, 1607-12, Adam Newton, Prince Henry's tutor, built the house in Greenwich to be close to the court. It shows the typical H-shaped plan which is the common Jacobean ground plan compared to the Tudor court yard.

See the John Thorpe drawings of the ground and first floors based on a design for Sir John Danvers house in Chelsea 1622 described by Samuel Pepys as one of the prettiest houses he had ever seen. He travelled extensively in France and Italy and collected art. The hall is at the bottom front with stairs at the side. Stairs in the middle of the hall are very unusual (although a raised dais is common in early Tudor halls). The front overlooks the Thames and the garden at the back is extensive and famous in gardening history.

The drawing is not accurate but we don't know if he drew from the house or architectural drawings. When drawings and house survive there are often major differences with the work of John Thorpe. It is published in the Walpole Society Journal in the Warburg Library.

1631 "Dutch House" at Kew (in gardens)

   

Swakeleys, Ickenham, Greater London (1629-1638):

   

Built for the Lord Mayor, in commuting distance of London. (New windows). Bigger and broader. Compare Charlton the the Dutch House.

Dutch House

Why is it simpler?

See Wooton (in the handout) - "ordinary stone", "ravishes the beholder". He was very sophisticated and well travelled but he represents a fundamental change. The interiors can be very elaborate even when the outside is plain.

"Artisan Mannerism" is the term used in architectural works, also the Artisan Style. For the period 1530-1830. Subordinate style used by John Harris. It tends to mean any design not done by Jones and it is slightly condescending.

   

Broome Park, 1635-38, brick, shaped gables, hipped roof. Many such buildings. As not in the Inigo Jones style they are called Artisan Mannerist.

Where did the gables come from? In sections or compartments we assume it is from Jones!

   

1617, Fulke Greville House, Jones. Originally from Italy or Germany? Compare with Lord Maltravers House 1630s, very advanced.

   

Bolsover Riding School, 1635-40, English Heritage, Derbyshire, Cavendish by John Smithson, son Robert Smithson. Shaped gables. We know he went to London and we know he would have seen the latest fashion including 1619 the front of the Bathe House, Sir Fulke Greville in Holborn (by Jones, now lost). It has a balcony (called a pergola in England).

The John Smithson and Jones drawings are very different. Could he have drawn it from memory? (1618-19 in London).

Houses Lady Cork and another for Colonel Cecil, 1619, another shaped gable and pergola.

Arundel House, London gateway by Inigo Jones. Jones introduced pergolas to London.

Jones design for Colonel Cecil's gateway - balance, harmony, aesthetics, Smithson has proportions wrong and the details wrong.

Arundel Gate Smithson v. Jones design. The John Smithson is ugly.

Did Caversham family pay for Smithson's travels to London to get up-to-date?

   

Little Castle at Bolsover, 1612-14, John Smithson, crenellated, fake medieval castle, revival of chivalry, built before London visit but changed after visit (dressing as knights, dressing in armour, return to chivalry in James I reign.)

Copied from Jones at Arundel Castle but this is a garden gate with rustication that has been moved to a piano mobile! Jones would have been appalled.

First storey (basement) of the new Banqueting House, John SMithson, that was all there was in 1618-9. Has a door! Was it blocked up during the building or a few years after (like apse.)

Note voissoir windows, these were new at the time.

   

Raynham Hall, 1621-35, Norfolk (back)

   

Raynham Hall front. It was thought to be by Jones (!) but an article in 1980 suggests the design was by Sir Roger Townsend's own design. We know he visited the Banqueting House when it was being constructed. It is a H-plan house, screen passage turning into a great hall. The house is a mish-mash of styles, early and late.

Nicholas Stone worked alongside Jones. Francis Holles, 1622, by Stone in Westminster Abbey. Swag on statue is from the Banqueting House. Stone worked on the Banqueting House. The figure is modelled on Michelangelo's Medici tomb. He also designed buildings (see handout). Yeux d'boeuf (bull's eye) windows. See handout (3) - Jones had a hand. See handout (4) Isaac de Caus (son of de Caus).

   

Kirby Hall, Elizabethan remodelled 1638-40 by Nicholas Stone (we don't know if Jones advised.)

   

 

Isaac de Caus Serlian design, yeux de boeuf windows on left (see handout). Design for Wilton. Compare with Jones's remodelled design for St. Paul's, 1633.

Master masons followed Jones early designs but not the Banqueting House. Is it that later Jones was just too avant garde?

Some other designers may have been able to design like Jones. Artisan Mannerism is useless as a term as it us used to mean every 17th century building not by Jones.

Balthazar Gerbeir was a building designer for Buckingham.

Jones had an astonishing influence, he outstrips everyone else. In the 1630s English building was transformed forever.